12 Kind Of Texts

Recount

SOCIAL FUNCTION

To retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining

GENERIC STRUCTURE

• Orientation: provides the setting and introduces participants
• Events: tell what happened, in what sequence.
• Re-orientation: optional-closure of events

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Focus on specific Participants
• Use of material processes
• Circumstances of time and place
• Use of past tense
• Focus on temporal sequence.

My Adventure at Leang-Leang Cave

On Sunday, my parents, my best fruend Novi, and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang . It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet, my best friend came to visit it with me!

The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings was turned into a national park, so it was taken care of. My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Novi and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash. The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left overs in their 'kitchen'. The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when they did an excavation there.

After a quick lunch with Novi and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our lives!

Report

SOCIAL FUNCTION

To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made and social phenomena in our environment.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

• General classification: tells what the phenomenon under discussion is.
• Description tells what the phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of (1) parts, (2) qualities, (3) habits or behaviors, if living; uses, if non-natural.

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Focus on Generic Participants.
• Use of Relational Processes to state what is and that which it is.
• Use of simple present tense (unless extinct).
• No temporal sequence.

KOMODO DRAGON
Do you know what is the largest lizard? This lizard is called komodo. It lives in the scrub and woodland of a few Indonesian islands.

Komodo dragon is the world's heaviest lizard, weighing 150 pounds or more. The largest Komodo ever measured was more than 10 feet (3 meters) long and weighed 366 pounds (166 kg) but the average size of komodo in the wild is about 8 feet (2.5 meters) long and 200 pounds (91 kg)

Komodo has gray scaly skin, a pointed snout, powerful limbs and a muscular tail. They use their keen sense of smell to locate decaying animal remains from several miles away. They also hunt other lizards as well as large mammals and are sometimes cannibalistic.

The Komodo dragon's teeth are almost completely covered by its gums. When it feeds, the gums bleed, creating an ideal culture for virulent bacteria. The bacteria that live in the Komodo dragon's saliva causes septicemia, or blood poisoning, in its victims. A dragon will bite its prey, then follow it until the animal is too weak to carry on.

This lizard species is threatened by hunting, loss of prey species and habitat loss.

Discussion

SOCIAL FUNCTION

To present (at least) two points of view about an issue.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

• Issue:
• Statement
• Preview
• Arguments for and against or Statement of differing points of view.
• Point
• Elaboration
• Conclusion or Recommendation.

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Focus on generic human and generic non-human Participants.
• Use of:
• Material Processes, e.g. has produced, have developed, to feed.
• Relational Processes, e.g., is, could have, cause, are.
• Mental Processes, e.g., feel.
• Use of Comparative: contrastive and Consequential conjunctions.
• Reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns (abstraction).

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power

Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:

• It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
• It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
• It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
• It produces small amount of waste.
• It is reliable.

On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.

Explanation

SOCIAL FUNCTION

To explain the processes involved in the formation or workings of natural or sociocultural phenomena.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

• A general statement to position the reader.
• A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Focus on generic, non-human Participants.
• Use mainly of Material and Relational Processes.
• Use mainly of temporal and causal Circumstances and Conjunctions.
• Some use of Passive voice to get Theme right.

How Earthquakes Happen
Earthquake is one of the most destroying natural disasters. Unluckily it often happens in several regions. Recently a horrible earthquake has shaken West Sumatra. It has brought great damages. Why did it occur? Do you know how an earthquake happens?

Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves. It make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that's built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs.

During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The place right above the focus is called the epicenter of the earthquake.

Exposition (Analytical)

SOCIAL FUNCTION

To persuade the reader or listener that something is the case.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

• Thesis

Position: Introduces topic and indicates writer’s position.

Preview: Outlines the main arguments to be presented.

• Arguments

Point: restates main arguments outlined in Preview.

Elaboration: develops and supports each Point/argument

• Reiteration: restates writer’s position.

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Focus on generic human and non-human Participants.
• Use of simple present tense.
• Use of Relational Processes.
• Use of Internal conjunction to state argument
• Reasoning through Causal Conjunction or nominalization.

The Problem of Being Too Fat
Being too fat is commonly known as overweight or obesity. It is simply defined as too much body fat inside. Overweight potentially leads high risk of health problem.

Being too fat is recognized as a major factor for heart disease. Due to the overweight, the heart will work harder. It can lead to the heart attack. Furthermore, obesity potentially rises blood cholesterol and blood pressure. In addition, being too fat can change the amount of sugar in the blood. This will cause diabetes and other serous disease.

Beside all of that, being too fat is often avoided by many young women. They said that becoming too fat will bother their physical beauty appearance.

More serious studies are necessary to see the effect of obesity. However it is clear enough that overweight is not good enough for healthy life.

Exposition (Hortatory)

SOCIAL FUNCTION

To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

• Thesis: announcement of issue concern.
• Arguments: reasons for concern, leading to recommendation.
• Recommendation: statement of what ought or ought not to happen.

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Focus on generic human and non-human Participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.
• Use of:

·         Mental Processes: to state what writer thinks or feels about issue, e.g. realize, feel, appreciate.

·         Material Processes: to state what happens, e.g., is polluting, drive, travel, spend, should be treated.

·         Relational Processes: to state what is or should be, e.g., doesn’t seem to have been, is

• Use of simple present tense

Watch your Kids While Watching TV

Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes place in almost houses. It can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it important to know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely "Yes" and that should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried to protect the children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on.
Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or at bedtime often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following tips:

News Item

SOCIAL FUNCTION

To inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the event in summary form
• Background Events: elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
• Use of Material Processes to retell the event (in the text below, many of the Material Processes are nominalized).
• Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stage.
• Focus on Circumstances (e.g. mostly within Qualifiers).

Winning Award for Airport Toilet
Surabaya's Juanda International Airport has won the Culture and Tourism Ministry's 2009 toilet award, beating out 2007 winner Denpasar's Ngurah Rai Airport, which now drops to fourth. Indonesia's main gateway, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, just outside Jakarta, moves up from fourth in 2007 to second, in the biennial "Sapta Pesona Clean Public Toilet Award".

The award was first handed out in 2007, and has so far involved only international airports. Acting Culture and Tourism Minister Muhammad Nuh said he expected the award in future to also cover public toilets at tourist sites across the country.

"Granting the award to those running public toilets at tourist sites is expected to improve the quality of products and services, particularly in term of cleanliness . as part of efforts to enhance the image of national culture," Nuh said during the award presentation ceremony.

Anecdote

SOCIAL FUNCTION

To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

• Abstract: signals the retelling of an unusual incident.
• Orientation: sets the scene.
• Crisis: provides details of the unusual incident
• Reaction: reaction to crises
• Coda: optional – reflection on or evaluation of the incident.

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Use of exclamations, rhetorical questions and intensifiers (really, very, quite, etc.) to point up the significance of the events.
• Use of material Processes to tell what happened.
• Use of temporal conjunctions.

Penguin in the Park

Once a man was walking in a park when he across a penguin. He took it to a policeman and said; "What should I do?" The policeman replied; "Take it to the zoo!".

The next day, the policeman saw the man in the same park. The man was still carrying the penguin. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked; "Why are you still carrying the penguin? Didn't you take it to the zoo?" The man replied; "I certainly did. And it was a great idea because the penguin really enjoyed it. So, today I am taking it to the movie".

  

Narrative

SOCIAL FUNCTION

To amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways; Narratives deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

• Orientation: sets the scene and introduces the participants.
• Evaluation: a stepping back to evaluate the plight.
• Complication: a crisis arises.
• Resolution: the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.
• Re-orientation: optional.

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Focus on specific and usually individualized Participants.
• Use of  Material Processes (and in this text, Behavioual and Verbal Processes.
• Use of Relational Processes and Mental Processes.
• Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal Circumstances.
• Use of past tense.

Romeo and Juliet's Romantic and Tragic Story

In the town of Verona there lived two families, the Capulets and the Montagues. They engaged in a bitter feud. Among the Montagues was Romeo, a hot-blooded young man with an eye for the ladies. One day, Romeo attended the feast of the Capulets', a costume party where he expected to meet his love, Rosaline, a haughty beauty from a well-to-do family. Once there, however, Romeo's eyes felt upon Juliet, and he thought of Rosaline no more.

The vision of Juliet had been invading his every thought. Unable to sleep, Romeo returned late that night to the Juliet's bedroom window. There, he was surprised to find Juliet on the balcony, professing her love for him and wishing that he were not a "Montague", a name behind his own. "What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." Romeo was ready to deny his name and professed his love. The two agreed to meet at nine o-clock the next morning to be married.

Early the next morning, Romeo came to Friar Lawrence begging the friar to marry him to Juliet. The Friar performed the ceremony, praying that the union might someday put an end to the feud between the two families. He advised Romeo kept the marriage a secret for a time.

On the way home, Romeo chanced upon his friend Mercutio arguing with Tybalt, a member of the Capulet clan. That qurreling last caused Merquito died. Romeo was reluctant no longer. He drew his sword and slew Tybalt died. Romeo realized he had made a terrible mistake. Then Friar Lawrence advised Romeo to travel to Mantua until things cool down. He promised to inform Juliet.
In the other hand, Juliet's father had decided the time for her to marry with Paris. Juliet consulted Friar Lawrence and made a plot to take a sleeping potion for Juliet which would simulate death for three days. The plot proceeded according to the plan. Juliet was sleeping in death.

Unfortunately, The Friar's letter failed to reach Romeo. Under the cover of darkness, he broke into Juliet's tomb. Romeo kissed the lips of his Juliet one last time and drank the poison. Meanwhile, the effects of the sleeping potion wear off. Juliet woke up calling for Romeo. She found her love next to her but was lying dead, with a cup of poison in his hand. She tried to kiss the poison from his lips, but failed. Then Juliet put out his dagger and plunged it into her breast. She died

 

Procedure

SOCIAL FUNCTION

To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

• Goal
• Materials (not required for all Procedural texts).
• Steps 1-n (i.e., Goal followed by a series of steps oriented to achieving the Goal).

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Focus on generalized human agents.
• Use of simple present tense, often Imperative.
• Use mainly of temporal conjunctions (or numbering to indicate sequence).
• Use mainly of Material Processes.

How to wash a Car

First, The materials needed are a sachet of car shampoo, a sponge/a sheet of cloth, plas chamois,and water.

Then,Prepared water, moisten the body of car.make sure that all of the body became
moist.

Next, a sachet of car shampoo is poured into 2-3 liter of pure water.Then, the mixture is stirred up by using a hand.

After that, the car is cleaned up by using a sponge with the mixture of shampoo and pure water.Next, the body is rinsed off by water, till it is clean.

that's all about example of procedure text, thanks

Finally, dried up the body by using a plas chamois.When the body looks shine, the car is ready to be used.It is easy, isn’t it??,....

Description

SOCIAL FUNCTION

To describe a particular person, place or thing.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

• Identification: Identifies phenomenon to be described.
• Description: describes parts, qualities, characteristics.

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Focus on specific Participants
• Use of Attributive and Identifying Processes.
• Frequent use of Ephitets and Classifiers in nominal groups.
• Use of simple present tense.

Natural Bridge National Park

Natural Bridge National Park is luscious tropical rainforest. It is located 110 kilometers south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to Nerang and then by travelling through the Numimbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the shadow of the Lamington National Park.

The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural ‘arch’ and the cave through which a waterfall cascades is a short one-kilometer walk below a dense rainforest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Night-time visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms.

Picnic areas offer toilets, barbeque, shelter sheds, water and fireplaces; however, overnight camping is not permitted

Review

SOCIAL FUNCTION

To criticize an art work, event for a public audience. 

Such works of art include movies, TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings, exhibitions, concerts and ballets.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

• Orientation: places the work in its general and particular context, often by comparing it with others of its kind or through analogue with a non-art object or event.
• Interpretive Recount: summaries the plot and/or provides an account of how the reviewed rendition of the work came into being; is optional, but if present, often recursive.
• Evaluation: provides an evaluation of the work and/or its performance or production; is usually recursive.
• Evaluative Summation: provides a kind of punchline which sums up the reviewer’s opinion of the art event as a whole; is optional.

SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Focus on Particular Participants.
• Direct expression of options through use of Attitudinal Ephitets in nominal groups; qualitative Attributes and Affective Mental Processes.
• Use of elaborating and extending clause and group complexes to package the information.
• Use of metaphorical language (e.g., The wit was there, dexterously ping-ponged to and fro …).

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